From 78bdfd5f5130b16853693f87d5b920acfa710cda Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jul 2026 10:08:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 01/17] cat implemented

---
 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js | 46 ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 46 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..e21ac51e0
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
@@ -0,0 +1,46 @@
+const fs = require("fs");
+
+const arguments = process.argv;
+const filePaths = arguments.slice(2);
+
+const index = arguments[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+const currentWorkingDirectory = arguments[1].slice(0, index + 1);
+
+let flag = filePaths[0];
+if (flag.charAt(0) == "-") {
+  flag = filePaths.shift();
+}
+
+function splitFile(fileName) {
+  const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
+  const text = fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
+  return text.split("\n");
+}
+
+function printFile(lines) {
+  lines.forEach((line) => {
+    console.log(line);
+  });
+}
+
+function executeFlag(lines) {
+  if (flag === "-n") {
+    return lines.map((line, index) => `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`);
+  } else if (flag === "-b") {
+    let lineNumber = 1;
+    return lines.map((line) => {
+      if (line === "") {
+        return `${line}`;
+      }
+      return `${String(lineNumber++).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
+    });
+  } else {
+    return lines;
+  }
+}
+
+filePaths.forEach((filePath) => {
+  let lines = splitFile(filePath);
+  lines = executeFlag(lines);
+  printFile(lines);
+});

From 60b323e23467c6d21b1abe736ddcb10bd41f8c4e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Tue, 28 Jul 2026 20:10:51 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 02/17] cat updated

---
 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js | 77 +++++++++++++++++++++-----------
 1 file changed, 52 insertions(+), 25 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
index e21ac51e0..e9dcd9147 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
@@ -1,46 +1,73 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 
 const arguments = process.argv;
-const filePaths = arguments.slice(2);
+const userArguments = arguments.slice(2);
 
 const index = arguments[1].lastIndexOf("/");
 const currentWorkingDirectory = arguments[1].slice(0, index + 1);
 
-let flag = filePaths[0];
-if (flag.charAt(0) == "-") {
-  flag = filePaths.shift();
+const flags = userArguments
+  .filter((argument) => argument.startsWith("-"))
+  .map((argument) => argument.slice(1))
+  .join("");
+
+const flagHandlers = {
+  b: bFlag,
+  n: nFlag,
+};
+
+const fileNames = userArguments.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
+let allFilesContents = [];
+
+readFiles();
+executeFlags();
+printLines();
+
+function readFiles() {
+  fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
+    fileContent = readFile(fileName);
+    allFilesContents.push(fileContent.split("\n"));
+  });
 }
 
-function splitFile(fileName) {
+function readFile(fileName) {
   const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
-  const text = fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
-  return text.split("\n");
+  return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
 }
 
-function printFile(lines) {
-  lines.forEach((line) => {
-    console.log(line);
-  });
+function executeFlags() {
+  for (const flag of flags) {
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
+      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
+    } else {
+      console.error(`cat: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: cat [-belnstuv] [file ...]`);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  }
 }
 
-function executeFlag(lines) {
-  if (flag === "-n") {
-    return lines.map((line, index) => `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`);
-  } else if (flag === "-b") {
+function bFlag() {
+  return allFilesContents.map((fileContent) => {
     let lineNumber = 1;
-    return lines.map((line) => {
-      if (line === "") {
+    return fileContent.map((line, index) => {
+      if (line == "") {
         return `${line}`;
       }
       return `${String(lineNumber++).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
     });
-  } else {
-    return lines;
-  }
+  });
+}
+
+function nFlag() {
+  return allFilesContents.map((fileContent) => {
+    return fileContent.map((line, index) => `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`);
+  });
 }
 
-filePaths.forEach((filePath) => {
-  let lines = splitFile(filePath);
-  lines = executeFlag(lines);
-  printFile(lines);
-});
+function printLines() {
+  allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
+    fileContent.forEach((line) => {
+      console.log(line);
+    });
+  });
+}

From 3a35a7a48f3d8a52b2c79ead79cfd7db0a1bc30d Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 29 Jul 2026 00:56:56 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 03/17] wc implemented

---
 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js | 141 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 141 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..9635e8e3f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
@@ -0,0 +1,141 @@
+const fs = require("fs");
+const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
+
+const arguments = process.argv;
+const userArguments = arguments.slice(2);
+
+const index = arguments[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+const currentWorkingDirectory = arguments[1].slice(0, index + 1);
+
+const flags = userArguments
+  .filter((argument) => argument.startsWith("-"))
+  .map((argument) => argument.slice(1))
+  .join("");
+
+const flagHandlers = {
+  l: lFlag,
+  w: wFlag,
+  c: cFlag,
+};
+
+const metrics = ["lineCount", "wordCount", "byteSize"];
+const fileNames = userArguments.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
+const allFilesData = [];
+
+extractFilesData();
+addTotals();
+const outputData = structuredClone(allFilesData);
+
+let deleted = false;
+executeFlags();
+printOutput();
+
+function extractFilesData() {
+  fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
+    const fileData = {};
+    fileData.name = fileName;
+    fileData.text = readFile(fileName);
+    fileData.lineCount = calculateLineCount(fileData.text);
+    fileData.wordCount = calculateWordCount(fileData.text);
+    fileData.byteSize = readByteSize(fileName);
+
+    allFilesData.push(fileData);
+  });
+}
+
+function addTotals() {
+  if (allFilesData.length == 1) {
+    return;
+  }
+  const totalsData = { name: "total" };
+  metrics.forEach((metric) => {
+    let sum = 0;
+    allFilesData.forEach((file) => {
+      sum += file[metric];
+    });
+    totalsData[metric] = sum;
+  });
+  allFilesData.push(totalsData);
+}
+
+function readFile(fileName) {
+  const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
+  return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
+}
+
+function calculateLineCount(text) {
+  return text.split("\n").length;
+}
+
+function calculateWordCount(text) {
+  return text.split(/\s+/).length;
+}
+
+function readByteSize(fileName) {
+  return fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + fileName).size;
+}
+
+function executeFlags() {
+  for (const flag of flags) {
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
+      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
+    } else {
+      console.error(`wc: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: wc [-Lclmw] [file ...]`);
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function lFlag() {
+  deleteOutputs();
+  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
+    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
+    targetFile.lineCount = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "lineCount");
+  });
+}
+
+function wFlag() {
+  deleteOutputs();
+  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
+    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
+    targetFile.wordCount = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "wordCount");
+  });
+}
+
+function cFlag() {
+  deleteOutputs();
+  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
+    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
+    targetFile.byteSize = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "byteSize");
+  });
+}
+
+function deleteOutputs() {
+  if (!deleted) {
+    outputData.forEach((file) => {
+      metrics.forEach((metric) => {
+        delete file[metric];
+      });
+    });
+  }
+  deleted = true;
+}
+
+function printOutput() {
+  outputs = [];
+  outputData.forEach((file) => {
+    let outputString = "";
+    metrics.forEach((metric) => {
+      outputString += getIfTrue(file, metric);
+    });
+    outputString += ` ${file.name}`;
+    console.log(outputString);
+  });
+}
+
+function getIfTrue(file, metric) {
+  if (file[metric]) {
+    return String(file[metric]).padStart(8, " ");
+  }
+  return "";
+}

From 085224e36b79d11885b390b6ab7cbb165b1ff481 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Thu, 30 Jul 2026 17:17:26 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 04/17] ls complete

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 124 +++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
 1 file changed, 124 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..6f1113671
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -0,0 +1,124 @@
+const fs = require("fs");
+const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
+
+const args = process.argv;
+const userArgs = args.slice(2);
+
+const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+const currentWorkingDirectory = args[1].slice(0, index);
+
+const flags = userArgs
+  .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
+  .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
+  .join("");
+
+const flagHandlers = {
+  1: Flag1,
+  a: Flaga,
+};
+
+let printInList = false;
+let showAll = false;
+
+const fsItems = userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
+let dirArgs;
+let fileArgs;
+let outputString = "";
+
+const rawData = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory);
+
+checkArgsLength();
+executeFlags();
+filterFilesAndDirs();
+populateOutput();
+print();
+
+function executeFlags() {
+  for (const flag of flags) {
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
+      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
+    } else {
+      console.error(
+        `ls: invalid option -- ${flag}\nusage: ls [-@ABCFGHILOPRSTUWXabcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxy1%,] [--color=when] [-D format] [file ...]`,
+      );
+      process.exit(1);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+function Flag1() {
+  if (printInList) {
+    outputString = outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n");
+    outputString = outputString.replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
+  } else {
+    printInList = true;
+  }
+}
+
+function Flaga() {
+  showAll = true;
+}
+
+function checkArgsLength() {
+  if (fsItems.length == 0) {
+    fsItems.push(".");
+  }
+}
+
+function filterFilesAndDirs() {
+  dirArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+  fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+  if (showAll == false) {
+    removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
+  }
+}
+
+function populateOutput() {
+  if (fsItems.length == 1) {
+    fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
+      outputString += file + " ";
+    });
+    dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
+      outputString += dirOutput(dir);
+    });
+  } else {
+    fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
+      outputString += file + "\t";
+    });
+    dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
+      outputString += "\n\n" + dir + ":\n" + dirOutput(dir);
+    });
+  }
+}
+
+function dirOutput(dir) {
+  let contents = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + dir);
+  let outputStr = "";
+  if (showAll) {
+    outputStr += ".\t..\t";
+  } else {
+    for (let i = contents.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      contents = removeDotFiles(contents);
+    }
+  }
+  contents.forEach((item) => {
+    outputStr += item + "\t";
+  });
+  return outputStr;
+}
+
+function removeDotFiles(fileList) {
+  for (let i = fileList.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+    if (fileList[i][0] == ".") {
+      fileList.splice(i, 1);
+    }
+  }
+  return fileList;
+}
+
+function print() {
+  if (printInList == true) {
+    Flag1();
+  }
+  console.log(outputString.trimEnd());
+}

From b28f41dbb8b34c4594b13b4dd36aee9b001e6ba8 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 31 Jul 2026 03:27:27 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 05/17] remove unused code

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 2 --
 1 file changed, 2 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 6f1113671..8646dfef6 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -25,8 +25,6 @@ let dirArgs;
 let fileArgs;
 let outputString = "";
 
-const rawData = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory);
-
 checkArgsLength();
 executeFlags();
 filterFilesAndDirs();

From 7d6a2986197f28cce46160941144831353c63a0e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Wed, 12 Aug 2026 04:21:24 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 06/17] updated eronious boolean in ls

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 2 +-
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 8646dfef6..0efb21dd6 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -115,7 +115,7 @@ function removeDotFiles(fileList) {
 }
 
 function print() {
-  if (printInList == true) {
+  if (printInList) {
     Flag1();
   }
   console.log(outputString.trimEnd());

From fce72f0c63b83180ab45dc058314a49e83d63d22 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 06:28:08 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 07/17] updated ls so that data doesn't rely on global
 variables and is passed through functions as arguments - also fixed an if
 boolean

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 133 ++++++++++++++++++---------------
 1 file changed, 72 insertions(+), 61 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 0efb21dd6..08af6391f 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -1,17 +1,6 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
 
-const args = process.argv;
-const userArgs = args.slice(2);
-
-const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-const currentWorkingDirectory = args[1].slice(0, index);
-
-const flags = userArgs
-  .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
-  .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
-  .join("");
-
 const flagHandlers = {
   1: Flag1,
   a: Flaga,
@@ -20,81 +9,106 @@ const flagHandlers = {
 let printInList = false;
 let showAll = false;
 
-const fsItems = userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
-let dirArgs;
-let fileArgs;
-let outputString = "";
+ls(process.argv);
+
+// ----------
+
+function ls(args) {
+  const userArgs = getUserArgs(args);
+  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
+  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
+
+  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
+
+  const dirArgs = getDirArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
+  const fileArgs = getFileArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
+
+  print(populateOutput(fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs, currentWorkingDirectory));
+}
+
+function getUserArgs(args) {
+  return args.slice(2);
+}
+
+function getFsItems(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
+}
+
+function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
+  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+  return args[1].slice(0, index);
+}
 
-checkArgsLength();
-executeFlags();
-filterFilesAndDirs();
-populateOutput();
-print();
+function getFlags(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs
+    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
+    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
+    .join("");
+}
 
-function executeFlags() {
+function executeFlags(flags) {
   for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
-      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
-    } else {
-      console.error(
-        `ls: invalid option -- ${flag}\nusage: ls [-@ABCFGHILOPRSTUWXabcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxy1%,] [--color=when] [-D format] [file ...]`,
-      );
-      process.exit(1);
-    }
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag]();
+    else invalidFlagError();
   }
 }
 
-function Flag1() {
-  if (printInList) {
-    outputString = outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n");
-    outputString = outputString.replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
-  } else {
-    printInList = true;
-  }
+function invalidFlagError() {
+  console.error(
+    `ls: invalid option -- ${flag}\nusage: ls [-@ABCFGHILOPRSTUWXabcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxy1%,] [--color=when] [-D format] [file ...]`,
+  );
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+function Flag1(outputString) {
+  if (printInList) return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
+  else printInList = true;
 }
 
 function Flaga() {
   showAll = true;
 }
 
-function checkArgsLength() {
-  if (fsItems.length == 0) {
-    fsItems.push(".");
-  }
+function checkArgsLength(fsItems) {
+  if (fsItems.length == 0) fsItems.push(".");
+  return fsItems;
 }
 
-function filterFilesAndDirs() {
-  dirArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
-  fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
-  if (showAll == false) {
-    removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
-  }
+function getDirArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+  return fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+}
+
+function getFileArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+  const fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+  if (showAll == false) removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
+  return fileArgs;
 }
 
-function populateOutput() {
+function populateOutput(fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+  let outputString = "";
   if (fsItems.length == 1) {
     fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
       outputString += file + " ";
     });
     dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
-      outputString += dirOutput(dir);
+      outputString += dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory);
     });
   } else {
     fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
       outputString += file + "\t";
     });
     dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
-      outputString += "\n\n" + dir + ":\n" + dirOutput(dir);
+      outputString += "\n\n" + dir + ":\n" + dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory);
     });
   }
+  return outputString;
 }
 
-function dirOutput(dir) {
+function dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory) {
   let contents = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + dir);
   let outputStr = "";
-  if (showAll) {
-    outputStr += ".\t..\t";
-  } else {
+  if (showAll) outputStr += ".\t..\t";
+  else {
     for (let i = contents.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
       contents = removeDotFiles(contents);
     }
@@ -107,16 +121,13 @@ function dirOutput(dir) {
 
 function removeDotFiles(fileList) {
   for (let i = fileList.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (fileList[i][0] == ".") {
-      fileList.splice(i, 1);
-    }
+    if (fileList[i][0] == ".") fileList.splice(i, 1);
   }
   return fileList;
 }
 
-function print() {
-  if (printInList) {
-    Flag1();
-  }
-  console.log(outputString.trimEnd());
+function print(outputString) {
+  let output = outputString;
+  if (printInList) output = Flag1(output);
+  console.log(output.trimEnd());
 }

From 14d4d3348fd4e49dcb7dcc9ff98bb24125aec158 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 06:36:59 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 08/17] updated flag a

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 11 +++++++----
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 4 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 08af6391f..967bbc1c8 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -60,9 +60,8 @@ function invalidFlagError() {
   process.exit(1);
 }
 
-function Flag1(outputString) {
-  if (printInList) return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
-  else printInList = true;
+function Flag1() {
+  printInList = true;
 }
 
 function Flaga() {
@@ -128,6 +127,10 @@ function removeDotFiles(fileList) {
 
 function print(outputString) {
   let output = outputString;
-  if (printInList) output = Flag1(output);
+  if (printInList) output = makeList(output);
   console.log(output.trimEnd());
 }
+
+function makeList(outputString) {
+  return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
+}

From 2b981ed488822916544cb4f275f79b8e652ca49a Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 06:51:48 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 09/17] collapsed getuserargs function

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 10 +++-------
 1 file changed, 3 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 967bbc1c8..30726c573 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -14,22 +14,18 @@ ls(process.argv);
 // ----------
 
 function ls(args) {
-  const userArgs = getUserArgs(args);
-  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
-  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
+  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
 
   executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
 
+  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
+  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
   const dirArgs = getDirArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
   const fileArgs = getFileArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
 
   print(populateOutput(fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs, currentWorkingDirectory));
 }
 
-function getUserArgs(args) {
-  return args.slice(2);
-}
-
 function getFsItems(userArgs) {
   return userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
 }

From fa7436b603d8aa92cc71ba6b3a4fce7594df13df Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 16:17:31 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 10/17] rearranged some argument orders in ls

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 14 +++++++-------
 1 file changed, 7 insertions(+), 7 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 30726c573..3a6b45b51 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -18,12 +18,12 @@ function ls(args) {
 
   executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
 
-  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
   const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
-  const dirArgs = getDirArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
-  const fileArgs = getFileArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory);
+  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
+  const dirArgs = getDirArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems);
+  const fileArgs = getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems);
 
-  print(populateOutput(fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs, currentWorkingDirectory));
+  print(populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs));
 }
 
 function getFsItems(userArgs) {
@@ -69,17 +69,17 @@ function checkArgsLength(fsItems) {
   return fsItems;
 }
 
-function getDirArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+function getDirArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
   return fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
 }
 
-function getFileArgs(fsItems, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+function getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
   const fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
   if (showAll == false) removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
   return fileArgs;
 }
 
-function populateOutput(fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+function populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs) {
   let outputString = "";
   if (fsItems.length == 1) {
     fileArgs.forEach((file) => {

From d4720b18bf4e9d28519819c3b8fea3f1f783dae1 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 16:33:15 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 11/17] added comments to ls

---
 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js | 24 ++++++++++++++++-------
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js   | 33 ++++++++++++++++++++------------
 2 files changed, 38 insertions(+), 19 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
index e9dcd9147..e3097d6e9 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
@@ -47,15 +47,25 @@ function executeFlags() {
 }
 
 function bFlag() {
-  return allFilesContents.map((fileContent) => {
+  const resultFiles = [];
+
+  for (const fileContent of allFilesContents) {
+    const formattedLines = [];
     let lineNumber = 1;
-    return fileContent.map((line, index) => {
-      if (line == "") {
-        return `${line}`;
+
+    for (const line of fileContent) {
+      if (line === "") {
+        formattedLines.push(line);
+      } else {
+        const formattedLine = `${String(lineNumber++).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
+        formattedLines.push(formattedLine);
       }
-      return `${String(lineNumber++).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
-    });
-  });
+    }
+
+    resultFiles.push(formattedLines);
+  }
+
+  return resultFiles;
 }
 
 function nFlag() {
diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index 3a6b45b51..cb7106a09 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -26,14 +26,8 @@ function ls(args) {
   print(populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs));
 }
 
-function getFsItems(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
-}
-
-function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
-  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-  return args[1].slice(0, index);
-}
+//
+// ===== Flag Handling =====
 
 function getFlags(userArgs) {
   return userArgs
@@ -60,10 +54,26 @@ function Flag1() {
   printInList = true;
 }
 
+function makeList(outputString) {
+  return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
+}
+
 function Flaga() {
   showAll = true;
 }
 
+//
+// ===== Extracting data from arguments =====
+
+function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
+  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+  return args[1].slice(0, index);
+}
+
+function getFsItems(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
+}
+
 function checkArgsLength(fsItems) {
   if (fsItems.length == 0) fsItems.push(".");
   return fsItems;
@@ -79,6 +89,9 @@ function getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
   return fileArgs;
 }
 
+//
+// ===== Outputting Data =====
+
 function populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs) {
   let outputString = "";
   if (fsItems.length == 1) {
@@ -126,7 +139,3 @@ function print(outputString) {
   if (printInList) output = makeList(output);
   console.log(output.trimEnd());
 }
-
-function makeList(outputString) {
-  return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
-}

From 5c6442916f947d588d10a7175a13be006ed3dc65 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 16:38:03 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 12/17] further added comments to ls

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 31 +++++++++++++++----------------
 1 file changed, 15 insertions(+), 16 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index cb7106a09..f82a97728 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -1,18 +1,8 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
 
-const flagHandlers = {
-  1: Flag1,
-  a: Flaga,
-};
-
-let printInList = false;
-let showAll = false;
-
-ls(process.argv);
-
-// ----------
-
+//
+// ===== ls Procedure =====
 function ls(args) {
   const userArgs = args.slice(2);
 
@@ -28,6 +18,13 @@ function ls(args) {
 
 //
 // ===== Flag Handling =====
+const flagHandlers = {
+  1: Flag1,
+  a: Flaga,
+};
+
+let printInList = false;
+let showAll = false;
 
 function getFlags(userArgs) {
   return userArgs
@@ -63,8 +60,7 @@ function Flaga() {
 }
 
 //
-// ===== Extracting data from arguments =====
-
+// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
 function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
   const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
   return args[1].slice(0, index);
@@ -90,8 +86,7 @@ function getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
 }
 
 //
-// ===== Outputting Data =====
-
+// ===== Populating and Outputting Data =====
 function populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs) {
   let outputString = "";
   if (fsItems.length == 1) {
@@ -139,3 +134,7 @@ function print(outputString) {
   if (printInList) output = makeList(output);
   console.log(output.trimEnd());
 }
+
+//
+// ===== Run ls =====
+ls(process.argv);

From 769706f84bbcf72d6b03963921e6c9dbe076d5b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 17:59:35 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 13/17] wc refactored

---
 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js | 174 ++++++++++++++++-----------------
 1 file changed, 86 insertions(+), 88 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
index 9635e8e3f..aecd11cbb 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
@@ -1,64 +1,92 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
 
-const arguments = process.argv;
-const userArguments = arguments.slice(2);
+const metrics = ["lineCount", "wordCount", "byteSize"];
+const displayedMetrics = [];
+
+//
+// ===== wc Procedure =====
+function wc(args) {
+  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
 
-const index = arguments[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-const currentWorkingDirectory = arguments[1].slice(0, index + 1);
+  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
 
-const flags = userArguments
-  .filter((argument) => argument.startsWith("-"))
-  .map((argument) => argument.slice(1))
-  .join("");
+  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
+  const fileNames = getFileNames(userArgs);
+
+  const allFilesData = addTotals(extractFilesData(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory));
+  printOutput(allFilesData);
+}
 
+//
+// ===== Flag Handling =====
 const flagHandlers = {
   l: lFlag,
   w: wFlag,
   c: cFlag,
 };
 
-const metrics = ["lineCount", "wordCount", "byteSize"];
-const fileNames = userArguments.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
-const allFilesData = [];
+function getFlags(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs
+    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
+    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
+    .join("");
+}
+
+function executeFlags(flags) {
+  for (const flag of flags) {
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag]();
+    else invalidFlagError();
+  }
+}
+
+function invalidFlagError() {
+  console.error(`wc: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: wc [-Lclmw] [file ...]`);
+  process.exit(1);
+}
+
+function lFlag() {
+  displayedMetrics.push("lineCount");
+}
+
+function wFlag() {
+  displayedMetrics.push("wordCount");
+}
+
+function cFlag() {
+  displayedMetrics.push("byteSize");
+}
+
+//
+// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
+function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
+  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
+}
 
-extractFilesData();
-addTotals();
-const outputData = structuredClone(allFilesData);
+function getFileNames(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
+}
 
-let deleted = false;
-executeFlags();
-printOutput();
+//
+// ===== Extracting Files Data =====
+function extractFilesData(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+  const allFilesData = [];
 
-function extractFilesData() {
   fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
     const fileData = {};
     fileData.name = fileName;
-    fileData.text = readFile(fileName);
+    fileData.text = readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
     fileData.lineCount = calculateLineCount(fileData.text);
     fileData.wordCount = calculateWordCount(fileData.text);
-    fileData.byteSize = readByteSize(fileName);
+    fileData.byteSize = readByteSize(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
 
     allFilesData.push(fileData);
   });
+  return allFilesData;
 }
 
-function addTotals() {
-  if (allFilesData.length == 1) {
-    return;
-  }
-  const totalsData = { name: "total" };
-  metrics.forEach((metric) => {
-    let sum = 0;
-    allFilesData.forEach((file) => {
-      sum += file[metric];
-    });
-    totalsData[metric] = sum;
-  });
-  allFilesData.push(totalsData);
-}
-
-function readFile(fileName) {
+function readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
   const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
   return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
 }
@@ -71,71 +99,41 @@ function calculateWordCount(text) {
   return text.split(/\s+/).length;
 }
 
-function readByteSize(fileName) {
+function readByteSize(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
   return fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + fileName).size;
 }
 
-function executeFlags() {
-  for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
-      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
-    } else {
-      console.error(`wc: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: wc [-Lclmw] [file ...]`);
-      process.exit(1);
-    }
-  }
-}
-
-function lFlag() {
-  deleteOutputs();
-  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
-    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
-    targetFile.lineCount = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "lineCount");
-  });
-}
-
-function wFlag() {
-  deleteOutputs();
-  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
-    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
-    targetFile.wordCount = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "wordCount");
-  });
-}
+function addTotals(allFilesData) {
+  if (allFilesData.length == 1) return allFilesData;
 
-function cFlag() {
-  deleteOutputs();
-  allFilesData.forEach((sourceFile) => {
-    const targetFile = outputData.find((file) => file.name === sourceFile.name);
-    targetFile.byteSize = getIfTrue(sourceFile, "byteSize");
-  });
-}
-
-function deleteOutputs() {
-  if (!deleted) {
-    outputData.forEach((file) => {
-      metrics.forEach((metric) => {
-        delete file[metric];
-      });
+  const totalsData = { name: "total" };
+  metrics.forEach((metric) => {
+    let sum = 0;
+    allFilesData.forEach((file) => {
+      sum += file[metric];
     });
-  }
-  deleted = true;
+    totalsData[metric] = sum;
+  });
+  allFilesData.push(totalsData);
+  return allFilesData;
 }
 
-function printOutput() {
-  outputs = [];
+//
+// ===== Outputting Data =====
+function printOutput(outputData) {
   outputData.forEach((file) => {
     let outputString = "";
     metrics.forEach((metric) => {
-      outputString += getIfTrue(file, metric);
+      if (displayedMetrics.length === 0 || displayedMetrics.includes(metric)) {
+        outputString += String(file[metric]).padStart(8, " ");
+      }
     });
+
     outputString += ` ${file.name}`;
     console.log(outputString);
   });
 }
 
-function getIfTrue(file, metric) {
-  if (file[metric]) {
-    return String(file[metric]).padStart(8, " ");
-  }
-  return "";
-}
+//
+// ===== Run wc =====
+wc(process.argv);

From 65e60aea66eb93582a451691dae116bb24e6eae3 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Fri, 28 Aug 2026 19:09:00 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 14/17] refactored cat

---
 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js | 121 +++++++++++++++++--------------
 1 file changed, 68 insertions(+), 53 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
index e3097d6e9..6774beea9 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
@@ -1,83 +1,98 @@
 const fs = require("fs");
 
-const arguments = process.argv;
-const userArguments = arguments.slice(2);
-
-const index = arguments[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-const currentWorkingDirectory = arguments[1].slice(0, index + 1);
-
-const flags = userArguments
-  .filter((argument) => argument.startsWith("-"))
-  .map((argument) => argument.slice(1))
-  .join("");
-
-const flagHandlers = {
-  b: bFlag,
-  n: nFlag,
-};
+//
+// ===== cat Procedure =====
+function cat(args) {
+  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
+  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
+  const fileNames = getFileNames(userArgs, currentWorkingDirectory);
+
+  const allFilesContents = readFiles(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory);
+  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs), allFilesContents);
+  printLines(allFilesContents);
+}
 
-const fileNames = userArguments.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
-let allFilesContents = [];
+//
+// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
+function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
+  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
+  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
+}
 
-readFiles();
-executeFlags();
-printLines();
+function getFileNames(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
+}
 
-function readFiles() {
+function readFiles(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory) {
+  const allFilesContents = [];
   fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
-    fileContent = readFile(fileName);
+    fileContent = readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
     allFilesContents.push(fileContent.split("\n"));
   });
+  return allFilesContents;
 }
 
-function readFile(fileName) {
+function readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
   const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
   return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
 }
 
-function executeFlags() {
+//
+// ===== Flag Handling =====
+const flagHandlers = {
+  b: bFlag,
+  n: nFlag,
+};
+
+function getFlags(userArgs) {
+  return userArgs
+    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
+    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
+    .join("");
+}
+
+function executeFlags(flags, allFilesContents) {
   for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) {
-      allFilesContents = flagHandlers[flag]();
-    } else {
-      console.error(`cat: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: cat [-belnstuv] [file ...]`);
-      process.exit(1);
-    }
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag](allFilesContents, flags);
+    else invalidFlagError();
   }
 }
 
-function bFlag() {
-  const resultFiles = [];
-
-  for (const fileContent of allFilesContents) {
-    const formattedLines = [];
-    let lineNumber = 1;
+function invalidFlagError() {
+  console.error(`cat: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: cat [-belnstuv] [file ...]`);
+  process.exit(1);
+}
 
-    for (const line of fileContent) {
-      if (line === "") {
-        formattedLines.push(line);
-      } else {
-        const formattedLine = `${String(lineNumber++).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
-        formattedLines.push(formattedLine);
+function bFlag(allFilesContents) {
+  let linenumber = 1;
+  allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
+    fileContent.forEach((line, index) => {
+      if (line !== "") {
+        fileContent[index] = `${String(linenumber).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
+        linenumber += 1;
       }
-    }
-
-    resultFiles.push(formattedLines);
-  }
-
-  return resultFiles;
+    });
+  });
 }
 
-function nFlag() {
-  return allFilesContents.map((fileContent) => {
-    return fileContent.map((line, index) => `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`);
-  });
+function nFlag(allFilesContents, flags) {
+  if (!flags.includes("b")) {
+    allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
+      fileContent.forEach((line, index) => (fileContent[index] = `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`));
+    });
+  }
 }
 
-function printLines() {
+//
+// ==== Print Output =====
+function printLines(allFilesContents) {
   allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
     fileContent.forEach((line) => {
       console.log(line);
     });
   });
 }
+
+//
+// ===== Run cat =====
+cat(process.argv);

From efdd20b3a8e99a3ee6f4dfc611e325ef6522f1b5 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2026 05:56:28 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 15/17] updated getcwd

---
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js | 8 ++++----
 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js | 4 ++--
 2 files changed, 6 insertions(+), 6 deletions(-)

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
index f82a97728..ae03453b7 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ function Flaga() {
 // ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
 function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
   const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-  return args[1].slice(0, index);
+  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
 }
 
 function getFsItems(userArgs) {
@@ -76,11 +76,11 @@ function checkArgsLength(fsItems) {
 }
 
 function getDirArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
-  return fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+  return fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + p).isDirectory());
 }
 
 function getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
-  const fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + p).isDirectory());
+  const fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + p).isDirectory());
   if (showAll == false) removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
   return fileArgs;
 }
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ function populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs) {
 }
 
 function dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  let contents = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory + "/" + dir);
+  let contents = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory + dir);
   let outputStr = "";
   if (showAll) outputStr += ".\t..\t";
   else {
diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
index aecd11cbb..130c34778 100644
--- a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
+++ b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
@@ -33,9 +33,9 @@ function getFlags(userArgs) {
     .join("");
 }
 
-function executeFlags(flags) {
+function executeFlags(flags, allFilesData) {
   for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag]();
+    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag](allFilesData);
     else invalidFlagError();
   }
 }

From 61a6eaa6c854a89a3182c01cc5a0a5f3129f8861 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2026 06:41:09 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 16/17] Add .venv to gitignore

---
 implement-cowsay/.gitignore       |  1 +
 implement-cowsay/cow.py           | 18 ++++++++++++++++++
 implement-cowsay/requirements.txt |  1 +
 3 files changed, 20 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 implement-cowsay/.gitignore
 create mode 100644 implement-cowsay/cow.py
 create mode 100644 implement-cowsay/requirements.txt

diff --git a/implement-cowsay/.gitignore b/implement-cowsay/.gitignore
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..21d0b898f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-cowsay/.gitignore
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+.venv/
diff --git a/implement-cowsay/cow.py b/implement-cowsay/cow.py
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..236f4f3ce
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-cowsay/cow.py
@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+import cowsay
+import sys
+import argparse
+
+parser = argparse.ArgumentParser(
+    prog="cowsay",
+    description="Make animals say things",
+)
+
+parser.add_argument("--animal", choices=cowsay.char_names, help="The animal to be saying things.", default="cow")
+parser.add_argument("message", nargs="*", help="The message to say.")
+
+args = parser.parse_args()
+
+if args.animal not in cowsay.char_names:
+    sys.exit(f"Unknown animal: {args.animal!r}. Choose from: {', '.join(cowsay.char_names)}")
+
+cowsay.char_funcs[args.animal](" ".join(args.message))
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/implement-cowsay/requirements.txt b/implement-cowsay/requirements.txt
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..c6b9ffd0e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/implement-cowsay/requirements.txt
@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+cowsay

From eeb4d7a01cba159a49faf3df1e611150adcc62ae Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Alex Jamshidi <alexjamshidi@gmail.com>
Date: Sat, 29 Aug 2026 06:51:46 +0100
Subject: [PATCH 17/17] removed implement shell tools files

---
 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js |  98 ----------------------
 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js   | 140 -------------------------------
 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js   | 139 ------------------------------
 3 files changed, 377 deletions(-)
 delete mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
 delete mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
 delete mode 100644 implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js

diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js b/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 6774beea9..000000000
--- a/implement-shell-tools/cat/cat.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,98 +0,0 @@
-const fs = require("fs");
-
-//
-// ===== cat Procedure =====
-function cat(args) {
-  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
-  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
-  const fileNames = getFileNames(userArgs, currentWorkingDirectory);
-
-  const allFilesContents = readFiles(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory);
-  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs), allFilesContents);
-  printLines(allFilesContents);
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
-function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
-  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
-}
-
-function getFileNames(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
-}
-
-function readFiles(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  const allFilesContents = [];
-  fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
-    fileContent = readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
-    allFilesContents.push(fileContent.split("\n"));
-  });
-  return allFilesContents;
-}
-
-function readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
-  return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Flag Handling =====
-const flagHandlers = {
-  b: bFlag,
-  n: nFlag,
-};
-
-function getFlags(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs
-    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
-    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
-    .join("");
-}
-
-function executeFlags(flags, allFilesContents) {
-  for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag](allFilesContents, flags);
-    else invalidFlagError();
-  }
-}
-
-function invalidFlagError() {
-  console.error(`cat: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: cat [-belnstuv] [file ...]`);
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-
-function bFlag(allFilesContents) {
-  let linenumber = 1;
-  allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
-    fileContent.forEach((line, index) => {
-      if (line !== "") {
-        fileContent[index] = `${String(linenumber).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`;
-        linenumber += 1;
-      }
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-function nFlag(allFilesContents, flags) {
-  if (!flags.includes("b")) {
-    allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
-      fileContent.forEach((line, index) => (fileContent[index] = `${String(index + 1).padStart(6, " ")} ${line}`));
-    });
-  }
-}
-
-//
-// ==== Print Output =====
-function printLines(allFilesContents) {
-  allFilesContents.forEach((fileContent) => {
-    fileContent.forEach((line) => {
-      console.log(line);
-    });
-  });
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Run cat =====
-cat(process.argv);
diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js b/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
deleted file mode 100644
index ae03453b7..000000000
--- a/implement-shell-tools/ls/ls.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,140 +0,0 @@
-const fs = require("fs");
-const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
-
-//
-// ===== ls Procedure =====
-function ls(args) {
-  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
-
-  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
-
-  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
-  const fsItems = checkArgsLength(getFsItems(userArgs));
-  const dirArgs = getDirArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems);
-  const fileArgs = getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems);
-
-  print(populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs));
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Flag Handling =====
-const flagHandlers = {
-  1: Flag1,
-  a: Flaga,
-};
-
-let printInList = false;
-let showAll = false;
-
-function getFlags(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs
-    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
-    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
-    .join("");
-}
-
-function executeFlags(flags) {
-  for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag]();
-    else invalidFlagError();
-  }
-}
-
-function invalidFlagError() {
-  console.error(
-    `ls: invalid option -- ${flag}\nusage: ls [-@ABCFGHILOPRSTUWXabcdefghiklmnopqrstuvwxy1%,] [--color=when] [-D format] [file ...]`,
-  );
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-
-function Flag1() {
-  printInList = true;
-}
-
-function makeList(outputString) {
-  return outputString.replaceAll("\t", "\n").replaceAll("\n\n", "\n");
-}
-
-function Flaga() {
-  showAll = true;
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
-function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
-  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
-}
-
-function getFsItems(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs.filter((arg) => !arg.startsWith("-"));
-}
-
-function checkArgsLength(fsItems) {
-  if (fsItems.length == 0) fsItems.push(".");
-  return fsItems;
-}
-
-function getDirArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
-  return fsItems.filter((p) => fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + p).isDirectory());
-}
-
-function getFileArgs(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems) {
-  const fileArgs = fsItems.filter((p) => !fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + p).isDirectory());
-  if (showAll == false) removeDotFiles(fileArgs);
-  return fileArgs;
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Populating and Outputting Data =====
-function populateOutput(currentWorkingDirectory, fsItems, dirArgs, fileArgs) {
-  let outputString = "";
-  if (fsItems.length == 1) {
-    fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
-      outputString += file + " ";
-    });
-    dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
-      outputString += dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory);
-    });
-  } else {
-    fileArgs.forEach((file) => {
-      outputString += file + "\t";
-    });
-    dirArgs.forEach((dir) => {
-      outputString += "\n\n" + dir + ":\n" + dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory);
-    });
-  }
-  return outputString;
-}
-
-function dirOutput(dir, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  let contents = fs.readdirSync(currentWorkingDirectory + dir);
-  let outputStr = "";
-  if (showAll) outputStr += ".\t..\t";
-  else {
-    for (let i = contents.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-      contents = removeDotFiles(contents);
-    }
-  }
-  contents.forEach((item) => {
-    outputStr += item + "\t";
-  });
-  return outputStr;
-}
-
-function removeDotFiles(fileList) {
-  for (let i = fileList.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
-    if (fileList[i][0] == ".") fileList.splice(i, 1);
-  }
-  return fileList;
-}
-
-function print(outputString) {
-  let output = outputString;
-  if (printInList) output = makeList(output);
-  console.log(output.trimEnd());
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Run ls =====
-ls(process.argv);
diff --git a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js b/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
deleted file mode 100644
index 130c34778..000000000
--- a/implement-shell-tools/wc/wc.js
+++ /dev/null
@@ -1,139 +0,0 @@
-const fs = require("fs");
-const { allowedNodeEnvironmentFlags } = require("process");
-
-const metrics = ["lineCount", "wordCount", "byteSize"];
-const displayedMetrics = [];
-
-//
-// ===== wc Procedure =====
-function wc(args) {
-  const userArgs = args.slice(2);
-
-  executeFlags(getFlags(userArgs));
-
-  const currentWorkingDirectory = getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args);
-  const fileNames = getFileNames(userArgs);
-
-  const allFilesData = addTotals(extractFilesData(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory));
-  printOutput(allFilesData);
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Flag Handling =====
-const flagHandlers = {
-  l: lFlag,
-  w: wFlag,
-  c: cFlag,
-};
-
-function getFlags(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs
-    .filter((arg) => arg.startsWith("-"))
-    .map((arg) => arg.slice(1))
-    .join("");
-}
-
-function executeFlags(flags, allFilesData) {
-  for (const flag of flags) {
-    if (flagHandlers[flag]) flagHandlers[flag](allFilesData);
-    else invalidFlagError();
-  }
-}
-
-function invalidFlagError() {
-  console.error(`wc: illegal option -- ${flag}\nusage: wc [-Lclmw] [file ...]`);
-  process.exit(1);
-}
-
-function lFlag() {
-  displayedMetrics.push("lineCount");
-}
-
-function wFlag() {
-  displayedMetrics.push("wordCount");
-}
-
-function cFlag() {
-  displayedMetrics.push("byteSize");
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Extracting Data From Arguments =====
-function getCurrentWorkingDirectory(args) {
-  const index = args[1].lastIndexOf("/");
-  return args[1].slice(0, index + 1);
-}
-
-function getFileNames(userArgs) {
-  return userArgs.filter((argument) => !argument.startsWith("-"));
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Extracting Files Data =====
-function extractFilesData(fileNames, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  const allFilesData = [];
-
-  fileNames.forEach((fileName) => {
-    const fileData = {};
-    fileData.name = fileName;
-    fileData.text = readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
-    fileData.lineCount = calculateLineCount(fileData.text);
-    fileData.wordCount = calculateWordCount(fileData.text);
-    fileData.byteSize = readByteSize(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory);
-
-    allFilesData.push(fileData);
-  });
-  return allFilesData;
-}
-
-function readFile(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  const filePath = currentWorkingDirectory + fileName;
-  return fs.readFileSync(filePath, "utf8").trimEnd();
-}
-
-function calculateLineCount(text) {
-  return text.split("\n").length;
-}
-
-function calculateWordCount(text) {
-  return text.split(/\s+/).length;
-}
-
-function readByteSize(fileName, currentWorkingDirectory) {
-  return fs.statSync(currentWorkingDirectory + fileName).size;
-}
-
-function addTotals(allFilesData) {
-  if (allFilesData.length == 1) return allFilesData;
-
-  const totalsData = { name: "total" };
-  metrics.forEach((metric) => {
-    let sum = 0;
-    allFilesData.forEach((file) => {
-      sum += file[metric];
-    });
-    totalsData[metric] = sum;
-  });
-  allFilesData.push(totalsData);
-  return allFilesData;
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Outputting Data =====
-function printOutput(outputData) {
-  outputData.forEach((file) => {
-    let outputString = "";
-    metrics.forEach((metric) => {
-      if (displayedMetrics.length === 0 || displayedMetrics.includes(metric)) {
-        outputString += String(file[metric]).padStart(8, " ");
-      }
-    });
-
-    outputString += ` ${file.name}`;
-    console.log(outputString);
-  });
-}
-
-//
-// ===== Run wc =====
-wc(process.argv);