openblas_set_num_threads() is silently overridden when built with USE_OPENMP

Summary

When OpenBLAS is built with USE_OPENMP, calling openblas_set_num_threads(1) before a BLAS operation has no lasting effect.

The thread count is unconditionally overridden back to omp_get_max_threads() on every BLAS call, making the API a silent no-op.

When a user uses openblas_set_num_threads(1) in the hope to get deterministic BLAS results, they will eventually find that this does not work, and results are still nondeterministic, because of this.

The workaround is to run with the OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 environment variable set. But it seems very wrong that this cannot be done with code, and that a function that is explicitly named to set the number of threads, does not actually do that.

Call chain demonstrating the problem

User calls openblas_set_num_threads(1) which calls goto_set_num_threads(1), setting blas_cpu_number = 1.
User then calls cblas_sgemm(); code is in void CNAME() in gemm.c.
Inside, args.nthreads = get_gemm_optimal_nthreads(MNK) calls num_cpu_avail(3).
num_cpu_avail() calls omp_get_max_threads(), which returns the OpenMP default (all CPUs, since OMP_NUM_THREADS is unset).
if (blas_cpu_number != openmp_nthreads) is true (1 != N).
goto_set_num_threads(openmp_nthreads) overrides blas_cpu_number back to N.
num_cpu_avail() returns blas_cpu_number (now N), which flows to GEMM_THREAD(..., args.nthreads) then to exec_blas(num_cpu, queue) then to #pragma omp parallel for.

Root cause

goto_set_num_threads() does NOT call omp_set_num_threads() -- confirmed by searching the entire driver/ directory (zero results). So the OpenMP runtime's idea of the thread count is never updated, and num_cpu_avail() always re-syncs blas_cpu_number from omp_get_max_threads().

Expected behavior

openblas_set_num_threads(1) should durably limit OpenBLAS to 1 thread, even when built with USE_OPENMP. The only current workaround is setting OMP_NUM_THREADS=1 in the environment, which is a process-global side effect affecting all OpenMP consumers.

Suggested fix

When USE_OPENMP is defined, goto_set_num_threads() should also call omp_set_num_threads(num_threads) so that subsequent calls to omp_get_max_threads() in num_cpu_avail() return the value the user requested.

I have not tested this yet, but it seems the most sensical to me that this should work.

Practical impact

This breaks deterministic computation for any library that links OpenBLAS and tries to force single-threaded BLAS via the documented API. Multi-threaded floating-point reductions in exec_blas() produce nondeterministic results due to different summation orders across runs.

I found it when trying to make llama-cpp deterministic with its --threads 1 option and found that it didn't work.

Version

Tested on commit 8cecf899e (v0.3.32).

When USE_OPENMP is defined, goto_set_num_threads() should also call omp_set_num_threads(num_threads) so that subsequent calls to omp_get_max_threads() in num_cpu_avail() return the value the user requested.

I have not tested this yet, but it seems the most sensical to me that this should work.

I found that this does work indeed:

diff --git a/driver/others/blas_server_omp.c b/driver/others/blas_server_omp.c
index 38b48fc84..75cd63dc2 100644
--- a/driver/others/blas_server_omp.c
+++ b/driver/others/blas_server_omp.c
@@ -111,6 +111,7 @@ void goto_set_num_threads(int num_threads) {
   }
 
   blas_cpu_number  = num_threads;
+  omp_set_num_threads(num_threads);
 
   adjust_thread_buffers();
 #if defined(ARCH_MIPS64) || defined(ARCH_LOONGARCH64)

But I don't think anymore that it's a good idea to do that, because it sets the global OpenMP thread limit to that, and maybe the user wants to limit only the thread limit of OpenBLAS to get it deterministic, but continue to use OpenMP in their own code that may be parallel and still deterministic.

So it would be better to just make that when the user calls openblas_set_num_threads(), only OpenBLAS's own OpenMP loops are limited to that number of threads.

I am trying to make sense of this whole code but it is really quite difficult.

Consider:

extern int blas_server_avail;
extern int blas_omp_number_max;
extern int blas_omp_threads_local;

static __inline int num_cpu_avail(int level) {

#ifdef USE_OPENMP
int openmp_nthreads;
  openmp_nthreads=omp_get_max_threads();
  if (omp_in_parallel()) openmp_nthreads = blas_omp_threads_local;
#endif

#ifndef USE_OPENMP
  if (blas_cpu_number == 1
#else
     if (openmp_nthreads == 1
#endif
      ) return 1;

#ifdef USE_OPENMP
     if (openmp_nthreads > blas_omp_number_max){
#ifdef DEBUG
     fprintf(stderr,"WARNING - more OpenMP threads requested (%d) than available (%d)\n",openmp_nthreads,blas_omp_number_max);
#endif
     openmp_nthreads = blas_omp_number_max;
     }
     if (blas_cpu_number != openmp_nthreads) {
    goto_set_num_threads(openmp_nthreads);
  }
#endif

  return blas_cpu_number;

}

There are so many questions:

What is the purpose of this function? There are no comments, no documentaiton, no intent.
The formatting makes it impossible to read.
int num_cpu_avail() suggests that it returns numbers of threads to use, a read-only, pure computation.
Then why does it also have a side effect of calling goto_set_num_threads()?
Above it are 3 variables containing state. What is their purpose? Unclear.
What is the concrete difference in purpose between blas_cpu_number and blas_num_threads, in comparison to those 3 state variables mentioned above such as blas_omp_number_max?
- If there are 4 variables all describing thread counts, it would be very helpful if anywhere in the code a comment said what the difference between them is.
The USAGE.md it says

In OpenBLAS, we mange a pool of memory buffers and allocate the number of buffers as the following.
#define NUM_BUFFERS (MAX_CPU_NUMBER * 2)

But it doesn't explain anywhere why this is made a compile-time constant, given that different computers clearly have different numbers of cores.
Further

the setting of NUM_THREADS can be relevant even for a single-threaded build of OpenBLAS

OK, that's confusing, "and what does "can be relevant" mean concretely?

In some cases, the affected code may simply crash or throw a segmentation fault without displaying the above warning first.

That sounds very bad.
But again nowhere does it say: Why?
If this hardcoding of NUM_THREADS makes all these problems, why is it done?
Why not just do what every normal program does, and determine the number of threads to use at runtime?

This makes it very difficult to work on even the most trivial fixes, such as making openblas_set_num_threads(1) make OpenBLAS use 1 thread.

The README.md also says

We provide the following functions to control the number of threads at runtime:
void goto_set_num_threads(int num_threads);
void openblas_set_num_threads(int num_threads);
Note that these are only used once at library initialization, and are not available for
fine-tuning thread numbers in individual BLAS calls.
If you compile this library with USE_OPENMP=1, you should use the above functions too.

It says

these are only used once at library initialization,

yet in every call to num_cpu_avail(), goto_set_num_threads() is called, so clearly not only once.

It says

If you compile this library with USE_OPENMP=1, you should use the above functions too.

yet, as this issue describes, they don't really have an effect in that case.

PR that should fix it properly: #5808

Make OpenBLAS's usage of OpenMP respect openblas_set_num_threads(). F…

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`openblas_set_num_threads()` is silently overridden when built with `USE_OPENMP` #5806

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openblas_set_num_threads() is silently overridden when built with USE_OPENMP #5806

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Summary

Call chain demonstrating the problem

Root cause

Expected behavior

Suggested fix

Practical impact

Version

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nh2 commented on May 12, 2026

nh2 commented on May 12, 2026

nh2 commented on May 12, 2026

nh2 commented on May 12, 2026

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`openblas_set_num_threads()` is silently overridden when built with `USE_OPENMP` #5806