Support CREATE VECTOR INDEX

src/ast/ddl.rs

@@ -2827,6 +2827,10 @@ pub struct CreateIndex {
     pub using: Option<IndexType>,
     /// columns included in the index
     pub columns: Vec<IndexColumn>,
+    /// whether this is a `CREATE VECTOR INDEX`
+    pub vector: bool,
+    /// whether the statement is `CREATE OR REPLACE`
+    pub or_replace: bool,
     /// whether the index is unique
     pub unique: bool,
     /// whether the index is created concurrently
@@ -2839,10 +2843,14 @@ pub struct CreateIndex {
     pub if_not_exists: bool,
     /// INCLUDE clause: <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html>
     pub include: Vec<Ident>,
+    /// `STORING(...)` clause (covering columns on a `CREATE VECTOR INDEX`)
+    pub storing: Vec<Ident>,
     /// NULLS DISTINCT / NOT DISTINCT clause: <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html>
     pub nulls_distinct: Option<bool>,
     /// WITH clause: <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html>
     pub with: Vec<Expr>,
+    /// `OPTIONS(...)` clause, e.g. on `CREATE VECTOR INDEX`
+    pub options: Vec<SqlOption>,
     /// WHERE clause: <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html>
     pub predicate: Option<Expr>,
     /// Index options: <https://www.postgresql.org/docs/current/sql-createindex.html>
@@ -2860,8 +2868,10 @@ impl fmt::Display for CreateIndex {
     fn fmt(&self, f: &mut fmt::Formatter) -> fmt::Result {
         write!(
             f,
-            "CREATE {unique}INDEX {concurrently}{async_}{if_not_exists}",
+            "CREATE {or_replace}{unique}{vector}INDEX {concurrently}{async_}{if_not_exists}",
+            or_replace = if self.or_replace { "OR REPLACE " } else { "" },
             unique = if self.unique { "UNIQUE " } else { "" },
+            vector = if self.vector { "VECTOR " } else { "" },
             concurrently = if self.concurrently {
                 "CONCURRENTLY "
             } else {
@@ -2885,6 +2895,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for CreateIndex {
         if !self.include.is_empty() {
             write!(f, " INCLUDE ({})", display_comma_separated(&self.include))?;
         }
+        if !self.storing.is_empty() {
+            write!(f, " STORING({})", display_comma_separated(&self.storing))?;
+        }
         if let Some(value) = self.nulls_distinct {
             if value {
                 write!(f, " NULLS DISTINCT")?;
@@ -2895,6 +2908,9 @@ impl fmt::Display for CreateIndex {
         if !self.with.is_empty() {
             write!(f, " WITH ({})", display_comma_separated(&self.with))?;
         }
+        if !self.options.is_empty() {
+            write!(f, " OPTIONS({})", display_comma_separated(&self.options))?;
+        }
         if let Some(predicate) = &self.predicate {
             write!(f, " WHERE {predicate}")?;
         }

src/ast/spans.rs

@@ -699,13 +699,17 @@ impl Spanned for CreateIndex {
             table_name,
             using: _,
             columns,
+            vector: _,        // bool
+            or_replace: _,    // bool
             unique: _,        // bool
             concurrently: _,  // bool
             r#async: _,       // bool
             if_not_exists: _, // bool
             include,
+            storing,
             nulls_distinct: _, // bool
             with,
+            options,
             predicate,
             index_options: _,
             alter_options,
@@ -717,7 +721,9 @@ impl Spanned for CreateIndex {
                 .chain(core::iter::once(table_name.span()))
                 .chain(columns.iter().map(|i| i.column.span()))
                 .chain(include.iter().map(|i| i.span))
+                .chain(storing.iter().map(|i| i.span))
                 .chain(with.iter().map(|i| i.span()))
+                .chain(options.iter().map(|i| i.span()))
                 .chain(predicate.iter().map(|i| i.span()))
                 .chain(alter_options.iter().map(|i| i.span())),
         )

src/keywords.rs

@@ -1008,6 +1008,7 @@ define_keywords!(
     STORAGE_INTEGRATION,
     STORAGE_SERIALIZATION_POLICY,
     STORED,
+    STORING,
     STRAIGHT_JOIN,
     STREAM,
     STRICT,

src/parser/mod.rs

@@ -5288,6 +5288,15 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             self.parse_create_schema(or_replace)
         } else if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::WAREHOUSE) {
             self.parse_create_warehouse(or_replace).map(Into::into)
+        } else if matches!(
+            &self.peek_token_ref().token,
+            Token::Word(w) if w.keyword == Keyword::NoKeyword && w.value.eq_ignore_ascii_case("VECTOR")
+        ) {
+            // `CREATE [OR REPLACE] VECTOR INDEX ...`; VECTOR is not a keyword.
+            self.next_token();
+            self.expect_keyword_is(Keyword::INDEX)?;
+            self.parse_create_index_inner(false, true, or_replace)
+                .map(Into::into)
         } else if or_replace {
             self.expected_ref(
                 "[EXTERNAL] TABLE or [MATERIALIZED] VIEW or FUNCTION or SCHEMA or WAREHOUSE after CREATE OR REPLACE",
@@ -8247,6 +8256,17 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
 
     /// Parse a `CREATE INDEX` statement.
     pub fn parse_create_index(&mut self, unique: bool) -> Result<CreateIndex, ParserError> {
+        self.parse_create_index_inner(unique, false, false)
+    }
+
+    /// Parse the body of a `CREATE [UNIQUE | VECTOR] INDEX` statement, with the
+    /// leading `[UNIQUE | VECTOR] INDEX` keyword(s) already consumed.
+    fn parse_create_index_inner(
+        &mut self,
+        unique: bool,
+        vector: bool,
+        or_replace: bool,
+    ) -> Result<CreateIndex, ParserError> {
         let concurrently = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::CONCURRENTLY);
         let r#async = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::ASYNC);
         let if_not_exists = self.parse_keywords(&[Keyword::IF, Keyword::NOT, Keyword::EXISTS]);
@@ -8280,6 +8300,16 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             vec![]
         };
 
+        // `STORING(...)` covering columns (e.g. `CREATE VECTOR INDEX`).
+        let storing = if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::STORING) {
+            self.expect_token(&Token::LParen)?;
+            let columns = self.parse_comma_separated(|p| p.parse_identifier())?;
+            self.expect_token(&Token::RParen)?;
+            columns
+        } else {
+            vec![]
+        };
+
         let nulls_distinct = if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::NULLS) {
             let not = self.parse_keyword(Keyword::NOT);
             self.expect_keyword_is(Keyword::DISTINCT)?;
@@ -8288,7 +8318,9 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             None
         };
 
-        let with = if self.dialect.supports_create_index_with_clause()
+        // A vector index accepts a `WITH (...)` options clause in every dialect
+        // (e.g. SQL Server `WITH (METRIC = ..., TYPE = ...)`).
+        let with = if (self.dialect.supports_create_index_with_clause() || vector)
             && self.parse_keyword(Keyword::WITH)
         {
             self.expect_token(&Token::LParen)?;
@@ -8299,6 +8331,9 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             Vec::new()
         };
 
+        // `OPTIONS(...)` clause (e.g. `CREATE VECTOR INDEX`); no-op when absent.
+        let options = self.parse_options(Keyword::OPTIONS)?;
+
         let predicate = if self.parse_keyword(Keyword::WHERE) {
             Some(self.parse_expr()?)
         } else {
@@ -8326,13 +8361,17 @@ impl<'a> Parser<'a> {
             table_name,
             using,
             columns,
+            vector,
+            or_replace,
             unique,
             concurrently,
             r#async,
             if_not_exists,
             include,
+            storing,
             nulls_distinct,
             with,
+            options,
             predicate,
             index_options,
             alter_options,

tests/sqlparser_bigquery.rs

@@ -2950,3 +2950,15 @@ fn test_create_snapshot_table() {
         "CREATE SNAPSHOT TABLE IF NOT EXISTS dataset_id.table1 CLONE dataset_id.table2 FOR SYSTEM_TIME AS OF TIMESTAMP_SUB(CURRENT_TIMESTAMP(), INTERVAL 1 HOUR) OPTIONS(expiration_timestamp = TIMESTAMP '2025-01-01 00:00:00 UTC')",
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_bigquery_create_vector_index() {
+    // BigQuery's form: an `OPTIONS(...)` clause with its index_type / distance_type
+    // / JSON tuning keys, and a `STORING(...)` covering-column list.
+    bigquery().verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE VECTOR INDEX my_index ON my_dataset.my_table(embedding) OPTIONS(index_type = 'IVF', distance_type = 'COSINE', ivf_options = '{\"num_lists\": 2500}')",
+    );
+    bigquery().verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE OR REPLACE VECTOR INDEX my_index ON my_dataset.my_table(embedding) STORING(type, creation_time) OPTIONS(index_type = 'TREE_AH', distance_type = 'EUCLIDEAN')",
+    );
+}

tests/sqlparser_common.rs

@@ -9728,6 +9728,10 @@ fn test_create_index_with_using_function() {
             predicate: None,
             index_options,
             alter_options,
+            vector: _,
+            or_replace: _,
+            options: _,
+            storing: _,
         }) => {
             assert_eq!("idx_name", name.to_string());
             assert_eq!("test", table_name.to_string());
@@ -9785,6 +9789,10 @@ fn test_create_index_with_with_clause() {
             predicate: None,
             index_options,
             alter_options,
+            vector: _,
+            or_replace: _,
+            options: _,
+            storing: _,
         }) => {
             pretty_assertions::assert_eq!("title_idx", name.to_string());
             pretty_assertions::assert_eq!("films", table_name.to_string());
@@ -9808,6 +9816,96 @@ fn parse_create_index_async() {
     verified_stmt("CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ASYNC my_index ON my_table(col1)");
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn parse_create_vector_index() {
+    // `CREATE VECTOR INDEX` parses for every dialect as a `CreateIndex` flagged
+    // `vector`; the `OPTIONS(...)` trailer lands in `options`.
+    let sql =
+        "CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) OPTIONS(distance_type = 'COSINE', dimension = 4)";
+    match verified_stmt(sql) {
+        Statement::CreateIndex(CreateIndex {
+            name,
+            table_name,
+            using,
+            columns,
+            vector,
+            or_replace,
+            unique,
+            if_not_exists,
+            with,
+            options,
+            ..
+        }) => {
+            assert!(vector);
+            assert!(!or_replace);
+            assert!(!unique);
+            assert!(!if_not_exists);
+            assert_eq!(name.unwrap().to_string(), "emb");
+            assert_eq!(table_name.to_string(), "t");
+            assert_eq!(using, None);
+            assert!(with.is_empty());
+            assert_eq!(
+                columns.iter().map(|c| c.to_string()).collect::<Vec<_>>(),
+                vec!["embedding"]
+            );
+            assert_eq!(
+                options,
+                vec![
+                    SqlOption::KeyValue {
+                        key: Ident::new("distance_type"),
+                        value: Expr::Value(
+                            Value::SingleQuotedString("COSINE".to_string()).with_empty_span()
+                        ),
+                    },
+                    SqlOption::KeyValue {
+                        key: Ident::new("dimension"),
+                        value: Expr::value(number("4")),
+                    },
+                ]
+            );
+        }
+        other => panic!("expected CreateIndex, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // `OR REPLACE`.
+    match verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE OR REPLACE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) OPTIONS(distance_type = 'COSINE')",
+    ) {
+        Statement::CreateIndex(CreateIndex {
+            vector, or_replace, ..
+        }) => {
+            assert!(vector);
+            assert!(or_replace);
+        }
+        other => panic!("expected CreateIndex, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // `IF NOT EXISTS` and schema-qualified names.
+    match verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE VECTOR INDEX IF NOT EXISTS s.emb ON s.t(embedding) OPTIONS(distance_type = 'EUCLIDEAN')",
+    ) {
+        Statement::CreateIndex(CreateIndex {
+            vector,
+            if_not_exists,
+            ..
+        }) => {
+            assert!(vector);
+            assert!(if_not_exists);
+        }
+        other => panic!("expected CreateIndex, got {other:?}"),
+    }
+
+    // The bare core plus the shared trailers all round-trip across dialects: an
+    // expression target, `INCLUDE` / `STORING` covering columns, a `WITH`
+    // options clause, and a trailing `USING <method>`.
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding)");
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(VEC_COSINE_DISTANCE(embedding))");
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) INCLUDE (a, b)");
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) STORING(a, b)");
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) WITH (metric = 'cosine')");
+    verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX emb ON t(embedding) USING HNSW");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn parse_drop_index() {
     let sql = "DROP INDEX idx_a";

tests/sqlparser_mssql.rs

@@ -2925,3 +2925,12 @@ fn parse_mssql_money_constants() {
         expr_from_projection(only(&select.projection)),
     );
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_mssql_create_vector_index() {
+    // SQL Server's form: bracket-quoted names and a `WITH (...)` options clause
+    // (`METRIC` / `TYPE` / `MAXDOP`).
+    ms().verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE VECTOR INDEX vec_idx ON [dbo].[articles]([title_vector]) WITH (METRIC = 'cosine', TYPE = 'DiskANN', MAXDOP = 8)",
+    );
+}

tests/sqlparser_mysql.rs

@@ -4946,3 +4946,12 @@ fn parse_adjacent_string_literal_concatenation() {
 fn parse_group_by_with_rollup() {
     mysql().verified_stmt("SELECT * FROM tbl GROUP BY col1, col2 WITH ROLLUP");
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_mysql_create_vector_index() {
+    // TiDB's form: the vector column is wrapped in a distance function and the
+    // algorithm is named with a trailing `USING`.
+    mysql().verified_stmt(
+        "CREATE VECTOR INDEX idx_cos ON tidb_vectors((VEC_COSINE_DISTANCE(embedding))) USING HNSW",
+    );
+}

tests/sqlparser_oracle.rs

@@ -539,3 +539,13 @@ fn test_insert_without_alias() {
         if matches!(&*source, Query { body, .. } if matches!(&**body, SetExpr::Values(_)))
     ));
 }
+
+#[test]
+fn parse_oracle_create_vector_index() {
+    // Oracle's specialized clauses (ORGANIZATION / DISTANCE / WITH TARGET
+    // ACCURACY / PARAMETERS) are not yet parsed; the forms it shares with the
+    // common grammar — an expression target and an `INCLUDE` list — round-trip.
+    oracle().verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX g_idx ON galaxies(embedding)");
+    oracle().verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX g_idx ON galaxies(VEC_DISTANCE(embedding))");
+    oracle().verified_stmt("CREATE VECTOR INDEX g_idx ON galaxies(embedding) INCLUDE (id)");
+}